Grammar Reference

Paradigm tables for reading and translation work. Covers noun declensions, verb conjugations, pronouns, prepositions, and accent rules.

Paradigms

Nouns Adj Verbs Contract Liquid

Reference

Pronouns Prepositions Accents

Noun Declensions

Toggle between full inflected forms and endings only. Hover over any cell to see its case description.

1st Decl. Feminine — ἡμέρα (α-pure)

	Singular	Plural
Nom	ἡἡμέρα	αἱἡμέραι
Gen	τῆςἡμέρας	τῶνἡμερῶν
Dat	τῇἡμέρᾳ	ταῖςἡμέραις
Acc	τήνἡμέραν	τάςἡμέρας
Voc	ἡμέρα	ἡμέραι

Hover over a cell to see its grammatical description

1st Decl. Feminine — δόξα (α-impure)

	Singular	Plural
Nom	ἡδόξα	αἱδόξαι
Gen	τῆςδόξης	τῶνδοξῶν
Dat	τῇδόξῃ	ταῖςδόξαις
Acc	τήνδόξαν	τάςδόξας
Voc	δόξα	δόξαι

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1st Decl. Masculine — νεανίας

	Singular	Plural
Nom	ὁνεανίας	οἱνεανίαι
Gen	τοῦνεανίου	τῶννεανιῶν
Dat	τῷνεανίᾳ	τοῖςνεανίαις
Acc	τόννεανίαν	τούςνεανίας
Voc	νεανία	νεανίαι

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2nd Decl. Masculine — λόγος

	Singular	Plural
Nom	ὁλόγος	οἱλόγοι
Gen	τοῦλόγου	τῶνλόγων
Dat	τῷλόγῳ	τοῖςλόγοις
Acc	τόνλόγον	τούςλόγους
Voc	λόγε	λόγοι

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2nd Decl. Neuter — ἔργον

	Singular	Plural
Nom	τόἔργον	τάἔργα
Gen	τοῦἔργου	τῶνἔργων
Dat	τῷἔργῳ	τοῖςἔργοις
Acc	τόἔργον	τάἔργα
Voc	ἔργον	ἔργα

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3rd Decl. Mute Stem — σάρξ (κ-stem)

	Singular	Plural
Nom	ἡσάρξ	αἱσάρκες
Gen	τῆςσαρκός	τῶνσαρκῶν
Dat	τῇσαρκί	ταῖςσαρξί(ν)
Acc	τήνσάρκα	τάςσάρκας
Voc	σάρξ	σάρκες

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3rd Decl. i-Stem — πίστις

	Singular	Plural
Nom	ἡπίστις	αἱπίστεις
Gen	τῆςπίστεως	τῶνπίστεων
Dat	τῇπίστει	ταῖςπίστεσι(ν)
Acc	τήνπίστιν	τάςπίστεις
Voc	πίστι	πίστεις

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3rd Decl. υ-Stem — βασιλεύς

	Singular	Plural
Nom	ὁβασιλεύς	οἱβασιλεῖς
Gen	τοῦβασιλέως	τῶνβασιλέων
Dat	τῷβασιλεῖ	τοῖςβασιλεῦσι(ν)
Acc	τόνβασιλέα	τούςβασιλεῖς
Voc	βασιλεῦ	βασιλεῖς

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3rd Decl. Neuter s-Stem — γένος

	Singular	Plural
Nom	τόγένος	τάγένη
Gen	τοῦγένους	τῶνγενῶν
Dat	τῷγένει	τοῖςγένεσι(ν)
Acc	τόγένος	τάγένη
Voc	γένος	γένη

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Adjectives

The 2-1-2 pattern follows 2nd declension (masc./neut.) and 1st declension (fem.). The 3-1-3 pattern uses 3rd declension for masc./neut. and 1st for fem.

2-1-2 Adjective — ἀγαθός, -ή, -όν

	Singular			Plural
	Masc.	Fem.	Neut.	Masc.	Fem.	Neut.
Nom	ἀγαθός	ἀγαθή	ἀγαθόν	ἀγαθοί	ἀγαθαί	ἀγαθά
Gen	ἀγαθοῦ	ἀγαθῆς	ἀγαθοῦ	ἀγαθῶν	ἀγαθῶν	ἀγαθῶν
Dat	ἀγαθῷ	ἀγαθῇ	ἀγαθῷ	ἀγαθοῖς	ἀγαθαῖς	ἀγαθοῖς
Acc	ἀγαθόν	ἀγαθήν	ἀγαθόν	ἀγαθούς	ἀγαθάς	ἀγαθά
Voc	ἀγαθέ	ἀγαθή	ἀγαθόν	ἀγαθοί	ἀγαθαί	ἀγαθά

	Masc.	Fem.	Neut.
Nom	ἀγαθός	ἀγαθή	ἀγαθόν
Gen	ἀγαθοῦ	ἀγαθῆς	ἀγαθοῦ
Dat	ἀγαθῷ	ἀγαθῇ	ἀγαθῷ
Acc	ἀγαθόν	ἀγαθήν	ἀγαθόν
Voc	ἀγαθέ	ἀγαθή	ἀγαθόν

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3-1-3 Adjective — πᾶς, πᾶσα, πᾶν

	Singular			Plural
	Masc.	Fem.	Neut.	Masc.	Fem.	Neut.
Nom	πᾶς	πᾶσα	πᾶν	πάντες	πᾶσαι	πάντα
Gen	παντός	πάσης	παντός	πάντων	πασῶν	πάντων
Dat	παντί	πάσῃ	παντί	πᾶσι(ν)	πάσαις	πᾶσι(ν)
Acc	πάντα	πᾶσαν	πᾶν	πάντας	πάσας	πάντα
Voc	πᾶς	πᾶσα	πᾶν	πάντες	πᾶσαι	πάντα

	Masc.	Fem.	Neut.
Nom	πᾶς	πᾶσα	πᾶν
Gen	παντός	πάσης	παντός
Dat	παντί	πάσῃ	παντί
Acc	πάντα	πᾶσαν	πᾶν
Voc	πᾶς	πᾶσα	πᾶν

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Verbs — λύω

All paradigms use λύω (I loose, release) as the model verb. Hover over any form to see its full parse.

	Mid	Pass
Pres
Impf
Fut		—
Aor
Perf	—	—

Present Active Indicative

Person	Form
1st sg	λύω
2nd sg	λύεις
3rd sg	λύει
1st pl	λύομεν
2nd pl	λύετε
3rd pl	λύουσι(ν)

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Infinitives

Present Active	λύειν
Present Mid./Pass.	λύεσθαι
Future Active	λύσειν
Future Middle	λύσεσθαι
Aorist Active	λῦσαι
Aorist Middle	λύσασθαι
Aorist Passive	λυθῆναι
Perfect Active	λελυκέναι

Participles (Nominative Singular)

Participles

	Masc.	Fem.	Neut.
Present Active	λύων	λύουσα	λῦον
Present Mid./Pass.	λυόμενος	λυομένη	λυόμενον
Aorist Active	λύσας	λύσασα	λῦσαν
Aorist Middle	λυσάμενος	λυσαμένη	λυσάμενον
Aorist Passive	λυθείς	λυθεῖσα	λυθέν
Perfect Active	λελυκώς	λελυκυῖα	λελυκός

Contract Verbs

Contract verbs have stems ending in α, ε, or ο. When these stem vowels meet the following ending vowel they merge according to fixed rules, producing forms that look nothing like the standard λύω paradigm. The contracted form is shown alongside the uncontracted form for comparison.

Contraction Rules

Following	α-stem	ε-stem	ο-stem
+ ε	ᾱ (α)	ει	ου
+ ει	ᾳ	ει	οι
+ η	ᾱ (α)	η	ω
+ ο	ω	ου	ου
+ οι	ῳ	οι	οι
+ ου	ω	ου	ου
+ ω	ω	ω	ω

Present Active Indicative

Person	Contracted	Uncontracted
1st sg	ἀγαπῶ	ἀγαπάω
2nd sg	ἀγαπᾷς	ἀγαπάεις
3rd sg	ἀγαπᾷ	ἀγαπάει
1st pl	ἀγαπῶμεν	ἀγαπάομεν
2nd pl	ἀγαπᾶτε	ἀγαπάετε
3rd pl	ἀγαπῶσι(ν)	ἀγαπάουσι(ν)

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Common GNT Contract Verbs

αἀγαπάωI loveὁράωI seeἐρωτάωI askνικάωI conquerτιμάωI honorγεννάωI beget, give birthπλανάωI lead astray

εποιέωI do, makeλαλέωI speakκαλέωI callζητέωI seekθεωρέωI see, observeτηρέωI keep, guardμαρτυρέωI bear witnessἀκολουθέωI followπροσκυνέωI worship

οπληρόωI fill, fulfillδικαιόωI justifyσταυρόωI crucifyφανερόωI reveal, manifestἐλευθερόωI set free

Liquid Verbs

Liquid verbs have stems ending in λ, μ, ν, or ρ. They are irregular in the future and often in the aorist because the future-tense sigma (σ) is unstable between a liquid consonant and a vowel and drops out.

σ-drop

Why liquids are irregular: When σ is added to a liquid stem (e.g., βαλ + σ + ω), the σ is phonologically unstable between the liquid and the following vowel and drops out.

The result: The future uses ε-contract endings instead of the standard -σω pattern (βαλ + ε → βαλέω type → contracts → βαλῶ, βαλεῖς, βαλεῖ…).

Future: Standard vs. Liquid

Future Active Indicative

Person	Standard — λύσω	Liquid — βαλῶ
1st sg	λύσω	βαλῶ
2nd sg	λύσεις	βαλεῖς
3rd sg	λύσει	βαλεῖ
1st pl	λύσομεν	βαλοῦμεν
2nd pl	λύσετε	βαλεῖτε
3rd pl	λύσουσι(ν)	βαλοῦσι(ν)

Aorist Patterns

Sigmatic Aorist with Stem Change

The σ drops but the stem vowel lengthens to compensate.

μένω→ἔμεινα(stem εν → ειν (compensatory lengthening))

κρίνω→ἔκρινα(stem κριν-, augment + regular sigma-drop)

ἀποστέλλω→ἀπέστειλα(stem στελ → στειλ (lengthening))

Asigmatic (2nd) Aorist

No sigma at all — uses a distinct stem with secondary active endings.

βάλλω→ἔβαλον(stem βαλ-, 2nd aorist endings (-ον, -ες, -ε…))

ἀγγέλλω→ἤγγειλα(stem ἀγγελ → ἀγγειλ (1st aorist with lengthening))

Stem + Augment Irregularity

Augment interacts with the stem, often with additional vowel changes.

αἴρω→ἦρα(stem ἀρ-, temporal augment α→η, no sigma)

ἐγείρω→ἤγειρα(temporal augment ε→η; stem ἐγερ-)

Common GNT Liquid Verbs — Principal Parts

Principal Parts

Verb	Gloss	Future	Aorist Act.	Perf. Act.	Perf. M/P	Aor. Pass.
βάλλω	I throw, put	βαλῶ	ἔβαλον	βέβληκα	βέβλημαι	ἐβλήθην
αἴρω	I lift, take away	ἀρῶ	ἦρα	ἦρκα	ἦρμαι	ἤρθην
ἀποστέλλω	I send (out)	ἀποστελῶ	ἀπέστειλα	ἀπέσταλκα	ἀπέσταλμαι	ἀπεστάλην
κρίνω	I judge	κρινῶ	ἔκρινα	κέκρικα	κέκριμαι	ἐκρίθην
μένω	I remain, stay	μενῶ	ἔμεινα	μεμένηκα	—	—
ἐγείρω	I raise up, wake	ἐγερῶ	ἤγειρα	ἐγήγερκα	ἐγήγερμαι	ἠγέρθην
ἀγγέλλω	I announce, report	ἀγγελῶ	ἤγγειλα	ἤγγελκα	ἤγγελμαι	ἠγγέλην
φαίνω	I shine; appear (mid.)	φανῶ	ἔφηνα	πέφηνα	—	ἐφάνην

Pronouns

Personal, demonstrative, relative, and interrogative pronouns. Hover over cells for case descriptions.

ἐγώ — 1st Person

	Singular	Plural
Nom	ἐγώ	ἡμεῖς
Gen	ἐμοῦ / μου	ἡμῶν
Dat	ἐμοί / μοι	ἡμῖν
Acc	ἐμέ / με	ἡμᾶς

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σύ — 2nd Person

	Singular	Plural
Nom	σύ	ὑμεῖς
Gen	σοῦ / σου	ὑμῶν
Dat	σοί / σοι	ὑμῖν
Acc	σέ / σε	ὑμᾶς

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αὐτός — 3rd Person / Intensive

	Singular			Plural
	Masc.	Fem.	Neut.	Masc.	Fem.	Neut.
Nom	αὐτός	αὐτή	αὐτό	αὐτοί	αὐταί	αὐτά
Gen	αὐτοῦ	αὐτῆς	αὐτοῦ	αὐτῶν	αὐτῶν	αὐτῶν
Dat	αὐτῷ	αὐτῇ	αὐτῷ	αὐτοῖς	αὐταῖς	αὐτοῖς
Acc	αὐτόν	αὐτήν	αὐτό	αὐτούς	αὐτάς	αὐτά

	Masc.	Fem.	Neut.
Nom	αὐτός	αὐτή	αὐτό
Gen	αὐτοῦ	αὐτῆς	αὐτοῦ
Dat	αὐτῷ	αὐτῇ	αὐτῷ
Acc	αὐτόν	αὐτήν	αὐτό

Hover over a cell to see its grammatical description

οὗτος — Near Demonstrative (this)

	Singular			Plural
	Masc.	Fem.	Neut.	Masc.	Fem.	Neut.
Nom	οὗτος	αὕτη	τοῦτο	οὗτοι	αὗται	ταῦτα
Gen	τούτου	ταύτης	τούτου	τούτων	τούτων	τούτων
Dat	τούτῳ	ταύτῃ	τούτῳ	τούτοις	ταύταις	τούτοις
Acc	τοῦτον	ταύτην	τοῦτο	τούτους	ταύτας	ταῦτα

	Masc.	Fem.	Neut.
Nom	οὗτος	αὕτη	τοῦτο
Gen	τούτου	ταύτης	τούτου
Dat	τούτῳ	ταύτῃ	τούτῳ
Acc	τοῦτον	ταύτην	τοῦτο

Hover over a cell to see its grammatical description

ἐκεῖνος — Far Demonstrative (that)

	Singular			Plural
	Masc.	Fem.	Neut.	Masc.	Fem.	Neut.
Nom	ἐκεῖνος	ἐκείνη	ἐκεῖνο	ἐκεῖνοι	ἐκεῖναι	ἐκεῖνα
Gen	ἐκείνου	ἐκείνης	ἐκείνου	ἐκείνων	ἐκείνων	ἐκείνων
Dat	ἐκείνῳ	ἐκείνῃ	ἐκείνῳ	ἐκείνοις	ἐκείναις	ἐκείνοις
Acc	ἐκεῖνον	ἐκείνην	ἐκεῖνο	ἐκείνους	ἐκείνας	ἐκεῖνα

	Masc.	Fem.	Neut.
Nom	ἐκεῖνος	ἐκείνη	ἐκεῖνο
Gen	ἐκείνου	ἐκείνης	ἐκείνου
Dat	ἐκείνῳ	ἐκείνῃ	ἐκείνῳ
Acc	ἐκεῖνον	ἐκείνην	ἐκεῖνο

Hover over a cell to see its grammatical description

ὅς — Relative Pronoun (who, which, that)

	Singular			Plural
	Masc.	Fem.	Neut.	Masc.	Fem.	Neut.
Nom	ὅς	ἥ	ὅ	οἵ	αἵ	ἅ
Gen	οὗ	ἧς	οὗ	ὧν	ὧν	ὧν
Dat	ᾧ	ᾗ	ᾧ	οἷς	αἷς	οἷς
Acc	ὅν	ἥν	ὅ	οὕς	ἅς	ἅ

	Masc.	Fem.	Neut.
Nom	ὅς	ἥ	ὅ
Gen	οὗ	ἧς	οὗ
Dat	ᾧ	ᾗ	ᾧ
Acc	ὅν	ἥν	ὅ

Hover over a cell to see its grammatical description

τίς / τις — Interrogative / Indefinite

	Singular			Plural
	Masc.	Fem.	Neut.	Masc.	Fem.	Neut.
Nom	τίς / τις	τίς / τις	τί / τι	τίνες / τινές	τίνες / τινές	τίνα / τινά
Gen	τίνος / τινός	τίνος / τινός	τίνος / τινός	τίνων / τινῶν	τίνων / τινῶν	τίνων / τινῶν
Dat	τίνι / τινί	τίνι / τινί	τίνι / τινί	τίσι(ν)	τίσι(ν)	τίσι(ν)
Acc	τίνα / τινά	τίνα / τινά	τί / τι	τίνας / τινάς	τίνας / τινάς	τίνα / τινά

	Masc.	Fem.	Neut.
Nom	τίς / τις	τίς / τις	τί / τι
Gen	τίνος / τινός	τίνος / τινός	τίνος / τινός
Dat	τίνι / τινί	τίνι / τινί	τίνι / τινί
Acc	τίνα / τινά	τίνα / τινά	τί / τι

Hover over a cell to see its grammatical description

Prepositions

All GNT prepositions grouped by the case(s) they govern. The case badge color indicates:Genitive·Dative·Accusative

ἀντί

Genitive

+Genitive: instead of, in place of

ἀπό

Genitive

+Genitive: from, away from

ἐκ / ἐξ

Genitive

+Genitive: from, out of

πρό

Genitive

+Genitive: before, in front of

ἐν

Dative

+Dative: in, by, among, with

σύν

Dative

+Dative: with, together with

ἀνά

Accusative

+Accusative: up, each, in turn

εἰς

Accusative

+Accusative: into, to, for, in order to

διά

GenitiveAccusative

+Genitive: through

+Accusative: because of, on account of

κατά

GenitiveAccusative

+Genitive: against, down from

+Accusative: according to, throughout, during

μετά

GenitiveAccusative

+Genitive: with

+Accusative: after, behind

περί

GenitiveAccusative

+Genitive: concerning, about

+Accusative: around, about

ὑπέρ

GenitiveAccusative

+Genitive: on behalf of, for

+Accusative: above, over, more than

ὑπό

GenitiveAccusative

+Genitive: by (agent)

+Accusative: under

ἐπί

GenitiveDativeAccusative

+Genitive: on, over, at the time of

+Dative: on the basis of, at

+Accusative: on, to, against

παρά

GenitiveDativeAccusative

+Genitive: from beside, from

+Dative: beside, with, in the presence of

+Accusative: alongside, contrary to

πρός

GenitiveDativeAccusative

+Genitive: for the benefit of

+Dative: near, at

+Accusative: to, toward, with

Accent Rules

A structured summary of Greek accentuation for reference while reading.

The Three Accents

1Acute (ά) — can stand on any of the last three syllables (antepenult, penult, or ultima).
2Circumflex (ᾶ) — can stand only on the last two syllables (penult or ultima), and only on a long vowel or diphthong.
3Grave (ὰ) — replaces an acute on the ultima when another word follows immediately in the sentence.

Syllable Terminology

1Ultima — the last syllable.
2Penult — the second-to-last syllable.
3Antepenult — the third-to-last syllable.
4A syllable is long if it contains a long vowel (η, ω) or a diphthong.

Recessive Accent (Verbs)

1Finite verb forms take a recessive accent — it moves as far toward the beginning of the word as the rules allow.
2If the ultima is short, the accent falls on the antepenult (acute): λύ-ο-μεν.
3If the ultima is long, the accent falls on the penult (acute): λυ-ό-με-θα.

Persistent Accent (Nouns)

1Nouns try to keep the accent on the same syllable as the lexical form (nominative singular).
2The accent shifts only when forced by the accent rules (e.g., long ultima forces antepenult accent back to penult).
3Genitive and dative plurals of 1st and 2nd declension nouns always receive a circumflex on the ultima: ἡμερῶν, λόγων.

Penult Rule

1If the penult is long and the ultima is short, the penult takes a circumflex: δοῦλος.
2If the penult is long and the ultima is long, the penult takes an acute: δούλου.
3If the penult is short, it can only take an acute.

Proclitics & Enclitics

1Proclitics are words that attach to the following word and normally have no accent: ὁ, ἡ, οἱ, αἱ, εἰ, ὡς, εἰς, ἐκ/ἐξ, ἐν, οὐ/οὐκ/οὐχ.
2Enclitics attach to the preceding word: μου, μοι, με, σου, σοι, σε, τις, τι, εἰμί (most forms), φημί (some forms).
3When an enclitic follows an oxytone (acute on ultima), the grave is replaced by the acute: καρπός τις → καρπός τις (accent retained).

Common Accent Shifts to Know

1Oxytone nouns (acute on ultima) change to grave before another word: λόγος is λογός in isolation but λογὸς before the next word.
21st declension genitive plural always has circumflex on ultima: γλωσσῶν, ἡμερῶν.
3Monosyllabic 3rd declension nouns accent the ultima in genitive and dative: σαρκός, σαρκί.